The Mayan Civilization Time Line

Luis Dumois

Based on the ‘Mystery of the Maya’

	OVERVIEW
B.C. 1000-1000	Olmec
1800-900	Early Preclassic Maya
900-300	Middle Preclassic Maya
300 B.C. – A.D. 250	Late Preclassic Maya
A.D. 250-600	Early Classic Maya
600-900	Late Classic Maya
900-1500	Post Classic Maya
1521-1821	Colonial period
1821- today	Independent Mexico
	DETAILED TIME-LINE
B.C. 11,000	The first hunter-gatherers settle in the Maya highlands and lowlands.
3114-3113	The creation of the world takes place, according to the Maya Long Count calendar.
2000	The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions.
700	Writing is developed in Mesoamérica.
400	The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya.
300	The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings.
100	The city of Teotihuacán is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading centre of Mesoamérica.
A.D. 100	The decline of the Olmecs.
400	The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacán, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands.
500	Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacán make their way there, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices and human sacrifice.
600	An unknown event destroys the civilization at Teotihuacán, along with the empire it supported. Tikal becomes the largest city-state in Mesoamérica.
683	The Emperor Pacal dies at the age of 80 and is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque.
751	Long-standing Maya alliances begin to break down. Trade between Maya city-states declines, and inter-state conflict increases.
869	Construction ceases in Tikal, marking the beginning of the city’s decline.
899	Tikal is abandoned.
900	The Classic Period of Maya history ends, with the collapse of the southern lowland cities. Maya cities in the northern Yucatán continue to thrive. Development of the Puuc style in Uxmal, Kabah and Labná.
1000	Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned.
1224	The city of Chichén Itzá is abandoned by the Toltecs. The Itzá people settle in the deserted area.
1244	The Itzá abandon Chichén Itzá for reasons unknown.
1263	The Itzá begin building the city of Mayapán.
1283	Mayapán becomes the capital of Yucatán, as the League of Mayapán rules the country.
1441	There is a rebellion within Mayapán and the city is abandoned by 1461. After this, political union is lost in Yucatán. Sixteen rival groups compete among themselves to rule over the others.
1517	The Spanish first arrive on the shores of Yucatán under Hernández de Córdoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against the Maya. The arrival of the Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among the Maya, including smallpox, influenza and measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamérica’s native populations will be killed off.
1519	Hernán Cortés begins exploring Yucatán.
1524	Cortés meets the Itzá people, the last of the Maya to remain unconquered by the Spanish.
1528	The Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of the northern Maya. The Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping the Spanish at bay for several years.
1541	The Spanish are finally able to subdue the Maya and put an end to Maya resistance. Revolt continues, however, to plague the Spaniards off and on for the rest of the century.
1542	The Spanish establish a capital city at Mérida in Yucatán.
1695	The ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by the Spanish priest Father Andrés de Avedaño and his companions, who had become lost in the Petén jungle.
1697	The city of Tayasal, capital of the Itzá in the Petén, is taken by the Spanish. Thus the last Maya independent political entity is subdued to the Spanish Crown.
1712	The Maya of the Chiapas highlands rise against the Mexican government. They will continue to do so off and on until today.
1724	The Spanish Crown abolishes the system of encomienda, which had given Spanish land owners the right to forced Indian labour.
1761	The Maya of Yucatán, led by Jacinto Canek, rise against the government.
1821	Mexico becomes independent from Spain.
1839	American diplomat and amateur archaeologist John Lloyd Stephens and English artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing the full splendour of classical Maya civilization to the world for the first time.
1847	The Yucatán Maya rise up against the Mexican government, rebelling against the miserable conditions and cruelty they have suffered at the hands of the whites. The rebellion is so successful that the Maya almost manage to take over the entire peninsula in what has become known as the War of the Castes.
1850	A miraculous “talking cross” in a village in central Quintana Roo predicts a holy war against the whites. Bolstered by arms received from the British in Belize, the Maya form into quasi-military companies inspired by messianic zeal. The fighting continues until 1901, when English in Belize betray the followers of the talking cross, the cruzobs, and retire their support.
1860	The Yucatán Maya rebel again.
1864	Workmen digging a canal on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320 (8.14.3.1.12 in the Maya Long Count.) The so called Plaque of Leyden, thought to be manufactured in Tikal, becomes one of the oldest known objects dated with the Maya calendar system.
1880	A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force the Maya to become labourers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions and agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for the Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on the indigenous Maya and usurp all positions of social and economic power.
1901	The War of the Castes comes to an end, although there are armed cruzobs in the jungle until at least 1935.
1910	The Mexican Revolution begins.
1952	The Priest-king Pacal’s tomb at Palenque is discovered and excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking the first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
1962	Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs and other sites begins around this time in the southern lowlands, continuing until well into the 1970s.
1992	A Quiché Maya woman from Guatemala named Rigoberta Menchú, who has lost most of her family to the death squads and is known for speaking out against the extermination of the Maya, wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
1994	Chiapas Maya, Tzeltal and Tzotzil in their majority, rise against the Mexican government, taking the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas.